1 Kings 12
New American Bible (Revised Edition)
II. The Reign of Jeroboam[a]
Chapter 12
Political Disunity.[b] 1 Rehoboam went to Shechem,[c] where all Israel had come to make him king. 2 When Jeroboam, son of Nebat, heard about it, he was still in Egypt. He had fled from King Solomon and remained in Egypt, 3 and they sent for him.
Then Jeroboam and the whole assembly of Israel came and they said to Rehoboam, 4 “Your father put a heavy yoke on us. If you now lighten the harsh servitude and the heavy yoke your father imposed on us, we will be your servants.” 5 He answered them, “Come back to me in three days,” and the people went away.
6 King Rehoboam asked advice of the elders who had been in his father Solomon’s service while he was alive, and asked, “How do you advise me to answer this people?” 7 They replied, “If today you become the servant of this people and serve them, and give them a favorable answer, they will be your servants forever.” 8 But he ignored the advice the elders had given him, and asked advice of the young men who had grown up with him and were in his service. 9 He said to them, “What answer do you advise that we should give this people, who have told me, ‘Lighten the yoke your father imposed on us’?” 10 The young men who had grown up with him replied, “This is what you must say to this people who have told you, ‘Your father made our yoke heavy; you lighten it for us.’ You must say, ‘My little finger is thicker than my father’s loins. 11 My father put a heavy yoke on you, but I will make it heavier. My father beat you with whips, but I will beat you with scorpions.’” 12 Jeroboam and the whole people came back to King Rehoboam on the third day, as the king had instructed them: “Come back to me in three days.” 13 Ignoring the advice the elders had given him, the king gave the people a harsh answer. 14 He spoke to them as the young men had advised: “My father made your yoke heavy, but I will make it heavier. My father beat you with whips, but I will beat you with scorpions.” 15 (A)The king did not listen to the people, for this turn of events was from the Lord: he fulfilled the word the Lord had spoken through Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam, son of Nebat. 16 (B)When all Israel saw that the king did not listen to them, the people answered the king:
“What share have we in David?[d]
We have no heritage in the son of Jesse.
To your tents, Israel!
Now look to your own house, David.”
So Israel went off to their tents. 17 But Rehoboam continued to reign over the Israelites who lived in the cities of Judah.
18 King Rehoboam then sent out Adoram,[e] who was in charge of the forced labor, but all Israel stoned him to death. King Rehoboam then managed to mount his chariot and flee to Jerusalem. 19 And so Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David to this day. 20 When all Israel heard that Jeroboam had returned, they summoned him to an assembly and made him king over all Israel. None remained loyal to the house of David except the tribe of Judah alone.
Divine Approval.[f] 21 On his arrival in Jerusalem, Rehoboam assembled all the house of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin—one hundred and eighty thousand elite warriors—to wage war against the house of Israel, to restore the kingdom to Rehoboam, son of Solomon. 22 However, the word of God came to Shemaiah, a man of God: 23 Say to Rehoboam, son of Solomon, king of Judah, and to all the house of Judah and to Benjamin, and to the rest of the people: 24 Thus says the Lord: You must not go out to war against your fellow Israelites. Return home, each of you, for it is I who have brought this about. They obeyed the word of the Lord and turned back, according to the word of the Lord.
25 Jeroboam built up Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim and lived there. Then he left it and built up Penuel.
Jeroboam’s Cultic Innovations.[g] 26 Jeroboam thought to himself: “Now the kingdom will return to the house of David. 27 If this people go up to offer sacrifices in the house of the Lord in Jerusalem, the hearts of this people will return to their master, Rehoboam, king of Judah, and they will kill me and return to Rehoboam, king of Judah.” 28 (C)The king took counsel, made two calves of gold, and said to the people: “You have been going up to Jerusalem long enough. Here are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt.” 29 (D)And he put one in Bethel, the other in Dan.[h] 30 This led to sin, because the people frequented these calves in Bethel and in Dan. 31 He also built temples on the high places and made priests from among the common people who were not Levites.
Divine Disapproval.[i] 32 Jeroboam established a feast in the eighth month on the fifteenth day of the month like the pilgrimage feast in Judah, and he went up to the altar. He did this in Bethel, sacrificing to the calves he had made. He stationed in Bethel the priests of the high places he had built. 33 Jeroboam went up to the altar he built in Bethel on the fifteenth day of the eighth month, the month he arbitrarily chose. He established a feast for the Israelites, and he went up to the altar to burn incense.
Footnotes
- 12:1–14:20 Like the story of the reign of Solomon, the story of the reign of Jeroboam is concentrically organized. Ahijah’s oracle of promise to Jeroboam (11:26–43) belongs to both stories, ending that of Solomon (see note on 1:1–11:43) and beginning that of Jeroboam; it corresponds to Ahijah’s oracle of condemnation in 14:1–20. Within those literary boundaries are accounts of political (12:1–20) and religious (13:11–34) disunity between Israel and Judah. The center of the story is the account of Jeroboam’s heterodox cultic innovations (12:26–31).
- 12:1–20 The first major unit of the Jeroboam story was Ahijah’s oracle (11:26–40), followed by the notice of Solomon’s death (11:41–43). This is the second major unit. It tells how Jeroboam came to the throne of Israel after the intransigence of Solomon’s son Rehoboam provoked the northern tribes to secede from Jerusalem. The political disunity of the two kingdoms fulfills the word spoken by Ahijah. Compare 13:11–32, where Jeroboam’s improper cultic innovations produce religious disunity as well. The scene is concentrically arranged: narrative introduction, first interview, first consultation, second consultation, second interview, narrative conclusion. Chronicles has a parallel version of this story in 2 Chr 10:1–19.
- 12:1 Shechem: chief city of the northern tribes, where a covenant had previously been made between the Lord and his people and a stone of witness had been erected in memory of the event (Jos 24:25–27). All Israel: see note on 4:7–19.
- 12:16 What share have we in David?: even in David’s time the northern tribes seemed ready to withdraw from the union with Judah (2 Sm 20:1). The unreasonable attitude of Rehoboam toward them intensified the discontent caused by the oppression of Solomon (v. 4) and thus precipitated the political separation of the two kingdoms. In the view of the Deuteronomistic historian (1 Kgs 11:35–36; 12:24), this was by the Lord’s decree.
- 12:18 Adoram: the name is a shortened form of “Adoniram” (see 4:6; 5:28). If this is the same Adoram who held the position in David’s day (2 Sm 20:24), he would have been a very old man.
- 12:21–25 The center of this unit is a divine oracle delivered by a man of God of the Southern Kingdom in which the Lord affirms his approval of the secession of the northern tribes. Compare 13:1–10, where another man of God from Judah proclaims the Lord’s condemnation of Jeroboam’s religious separatism. Chronicles has a very similar version of Shemaiah’s oracle in 2 Chr 11:1–4.
- 12:26–31 At the center of the story of Jeroboam the narrator describes how the king went beyond the political separation of Israel from Judah to create a separatist religious system as well. Jeroboam feared that continued worship in the single Temple in Jerusalem would threaten the political independence of his kingdom. To prevent this he established sanctuaries with non-levitical clergy in his own territory. At two of the sanctuaries he set up golden calves, which the narrator depicts as idols. Thus begins what will later be called “the sin of Jeroboam” (13:34), a theme that will be echoed throughout 1–2 Kings in the condemnations of almost every king of the Northern Kingdom. Historically, Jeroboam’s innovations were not as heterodox as our narrative portrays them. Bethel was an ancient and traditional site for worship of the Lord; and the calves were probably intended to be a dais for the deity invisibly enthroned upon them, rather like the cherubim atop the ark of the covenant.
- 12:29 Bethel…Dan: at the southern and northern boundaries of the separate kingdom of Israel, where sanctuaries had existed in the past (Gn 12:8; 13:3–4; 28:10–22; 35:1–15; Jgs 18:1–31).
- 12:32–13:10 This unit of the Jeroboam story corresponds to 12:21–25. Before Jeroboam’s cultic innovations, a man of God from Judah proclaimed the Lord’s approval of the political separation of the kingdoms. After Jeroboam’s cultic innovations, a man of God from Judah proclaims the Lord’s disapproval of Israel’s religious separatism. The unit begins with a long, detailed introduction about the dedication festival Jeroboam holds at Bethel (12:32–33); then follows the scene of the ceremony disrupted by the oracle of the man of God (13:1–10).
列王纪上 12
Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified)
北方支派背叛罗波安
12 罗波安前往示剑，因为以色列人都去了那里，要立他为王。 2 尼八的儿子耶罗波安曾为了躲避所罗门王而逃往埃及，并一直住在那里。他听到消息后，便返回以色列。 3 以色列人派人去请他，他就和以色列会众去见罗波安，说： 4 “你父亲使我们负担沉重，求你减轻我们的负担吧，我们一定效忠你。”
5 罗波安对他们说：“你们先回去，三天之后再来见我。”众人就离开了。
6 罗波安王去征询曾服侍他父亲所罗门的老臣的意见，说：“你们认为我该怎样回复众民？” 7 他们建议说：“现今王若像仆人一样服侍民众，对他们好言相待，他们会永远做王的仆人。”
8 罗波安却没有采纳老臣的意见。他又去征询那些和他一起长大的青年臣僚的意见， 9 说：“民众求我减轻我父亲加给他们的重担。你们认为我该怎样回复他们？”
10 他们说：“民众说你父亲使他们负担沉重，请求你减轻他们的负担。你可以这样回复他们，‘我的小指头比我父亲的腰还粗。 11 我父亲使你们负重担，我要使你们负更重的担子；我父亲用鞭子打你们，我要用刺鞭打你们。’”
12 过了三天，耶罗波安和民众遵照罗波安王的话来见他。 13-14 王没有采纳老臣的建议，而是照青年臣僚的建议，疾言厉色地对他们说：“我父亲使你们负重担，我要使你们负更重的担子！我父亲用鞭子打你们，我要用刺鞭打你们！” 15 王不听民众的请求。这事是出于耶和华的旨意，为要应验祂借示罗人亚希雅先知对尼八的儿子耶罗波安说的话。
16 以色列人见王不听他们的请求，就说：
“我们与大卫有何相干？
我们与耶西的儿子没有关系！
以色列人啊，各自回家吧！
大卫家啊，自己照顾自己吧！”
于是，以色列人各自回家了。 17 但住在犹大城邑的以色列人仍受罗波安统治。 18 罗波安王派劳役总管亚多兰去以色列人那里，以色列人却用石头打死了他，罗波安王连忙上车逃回耶路撒冷。 19 从此，以色列人反叛大卫家，一直到今天。 20 以色列人听说耶罗波安回来了，就请他到会众面前，拥立他做以色列人的王。只有犹大支派仍然效忠大卫家。
21 罗波安回到耶路撒冷，从犹大和便雅悯支派召集了十八万精兵，要攻打以色列人，收复全国。 22 然而，上帝对祂的仆人示玛雅说： 23 “你去告诉所罗门的儿子犹大王罗波安和犹大、便雅悯支派的人以及其他民众， 24 耶和华这样说，‘你们不要上去与以色列同胞交战，都回家吧！今日的景况是出于我的旨意。’”众人听从了耶和华的话，各自回家去了。
耶罗波安背弃上帝
25 耶罗波安在以法莲山区修建示剑城，住在那里。他后来又去修建毗努伊勒。 26 他心想：“国权恐怕会重归大卫家。 27 若百姓去耶路撒冷，在耶和华的殿献祭，他们的心必重新归向他们的主——犹大王罗波安。他们会杀了我，然后投奔犹大王罗波安。” 28 他征询臣僚的意见后，就铸造了两个金牛犊，对民众说：“以色列人啊，你们上耶路撒冷敬拜太麻烦了。这两个金牛犊就是领你们出埃及的神明。” 29 他把一个金牛犊安置在伯特利，另一个安置在但。 30 这使民众陷入罪中，因为他们开始到但去拜金牛犊。
31 耶罗波安又在高岗上修建神庙，任命各样的人做祭司，他们并非利未人。 32 耶罗波安规定每年八月十五日为节期，好像犹大的节期一样。他自己在伯特利的祭坛上向金牛犊献祭烧香，又派神庙的祭司在献祭中司职。 33 在八月十五日，就是他私自为以色列人定为节期的日子，他在伯特利的祭坛上烧香。
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